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IPO vs. ICO vs. STO: Understanding the Differences and Legal Risks

Updated: Mar 24, 2023

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), and Security Token Offerings (STOs) are all ways for companies to raise capital. However, they differ in their legal structures and the securities they offer investors. In this article, we will explore the differences between these three fundraising methods and the legal risks associated with ICOs.


IPOs


An IPO is a traditional fundraising method involving a company offering shares of its stock to the public for the first time. Depending on the jurisdiction, the company must register with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or another respective authority and comply with its regulations before going public. This process can be expensive and time-consuming, but it provides transparency and credibility that can attract many investors.

ICOs


ICOs, on the other hand, is a relatively new way for companies to raise capital. They involve the creation of a new cryptocurrency or token, which is sold to investors in exchange for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum. ICOs exploded in popularity in 2017, but many were later found fraudulent or poorly executed. As a result, the SEC has cracked down on ICOs, and many companies now prefer other methods of distributing their tokens, such as airdrops or private sales.


Legal Risks of ICOs


ICOs are not regulated in the same way as IPOs, and there is no guarantee that the sold tokens will have any value or be redeemable for anything. In addition, the SEC has determined that many ICOs are selling unregistered securities, violating federal securities laws. Companies and individuals involved in these ICOs could face significant legal penalties, including fines and criminal charges.


STOs


STOs are a newer form of fundraising that aim to address some of the legal concerns surrounding ICOs. Companies issue tokens representing ownership in a real-world asset, such as equity in a company or ownership of a piece of property. STOs are subject to SEC regulations, meaning they must register with the SEC and comply with its rules.


Conclusion


IPOs, ICOs, and STOs offer companies a way to raise capital, but they differ in their legal structures and the securities they offer investors. While IPOs provide transparency and credibility, they can be expensive and time-consuming. ICOs offer a quicker and easier way to raise capital but come with significant legal risks. STOs aim to provide a middle ground by offering a more regulated and secure way to raise capital through tokenization.


As the regulatory landscape surrounding ICOs and STOs continues to evolve, new trends in token distribution have emerged. One such trend is the use of airdrops, which involves distributing tokens to a large number of individuals for free rather than selling them through an ICO or STO. This method has gained popularity as a way to partially bypass the legal risks of selling unregistered securities. However, airdrops come with legal and regulatory challenges, such as ensuring compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) regulations. As the crypto industry continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how token distribution methods evolve.


If you are considering an ICO or STO, consulting with an experienced securities lawyer is vital to ensure your company complies with all applicable laws and regulations. Prokopiev Law Group's team of experienced lawyers can provide cost-effective guidance to help you navigate the complex EU regulatory framework. Contact us today to schedule a consultation.


DISCLAIMER: The information provided is not legal, tax, or accounting advice and should not be used as such. It is for discussion purposes only. Seek guidance from your own legal counsel and advisors on any matters. The views presented are those of the author and not any other individual or organization. The information provided is for general educational purposes only and is not investment advice. The author of this material makes no guarantees or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the information. Any action taken based on the information discussed should be reviewed with a professional. The author is not liable for any loss from acting on the information discussed.



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